Emotional Processes in Music Therapy

John Pellitteri

Print ISBNs: 1-891278-51-7 or  ISBN-13: 978-1-891278-51-8

E-ISBN: 978-1-937440-02-2



$44 $44 $44


Emotions are an essential aspect of human nature and play a central role in interpersonal relationships, personal well-being, and therapeutic change. Music is intimately linked to emotions and both have served adaptive functions throughout human evolution. Music therapy is an ideal clinical modality due to its inherent power to activate and transform a client’s emotional state within the context of the therapeutic encounter. Emotional Processes in Music Therapy presents the scientific and artistic dimensions of emotions and explores ways that music therapists can become more “emotion-focused’ in their work. The book outlines the four major psycho physiological components of emotions (cognitive, social, behavioral & physiological) along a temporal sequence of emotional processes. There is an examination of how these processes are similar in both the structure of musical elements and the construction of emotions. There is a blend of empirical research in emotion theory within a framework of aesthetics that considers the multiple dimensions of the client. This “Scientist-Artist” perspective allows the music therapist to work creatively within the psychological space of the therapeutic relationship and also hold a sophisticated empirically-based perspective of the psycho physiological processes that underscore clinical work.

Part 1 presents frameworks in which to view the integration of emotions, music, and the therapeutic process. There is a description of the architecture of emotions and an examination of the evolutionary and anthropological roots of music and emotions. Part 2 provides the psycho physiological foundations of music and emotions, considers how they operate in personality development, and draws implications for clinical practice. Part 3 present strategies for integrating an emotion focus in clinical music therapy. There is an exploration into the isomorphism of music and emotions and the use of aesthetic language and synesthesia to represent the sublime essence of affective experiences. The use of music therapy techniques to develop emotional intelligence is presented as well as an examination of major music therapy approaches (Creative Music Therapy; Analytically-Oriented Music Therapy, Guided Imagery & Music) from an emotional perspective. The last part of the book considers the professional identity of the music therapist and how knowledge of emotions research can be useful in communicating from a scientist-artist approach.

John Pellitteri, Ph.D. has many years of music therapy experience in various programs for children with disabilities. He holds licenses as a created art therapist and a psychologist in New York State. Dr. Pellitteri is currently an associate professor and the director of the graduate program in counseling at Queens College, City University of New York. His research and scholarly work focuses on emotional intelligence and has been presented at both regional and international conferences.




Table of Contents
Acknowledgements iv
Permissions v
About the Author vi
Table of Contents vii
Preface xiii
PART ONE: FRAMEWORKS
Chapter 1 Emotion, Music, and the Therapeutic Process 3
The Intimacy of Music and Emotions 3
The Centrality of Emotion in Human Experience 4
The Art and Science of Music Therapy 5
Frameworks for Therapeutic Process
– An aesthetic frame of the client
-The psychological field of interpersonal process
-Adaptation and therapeutic outcome
8
9
10
12
Chapter 2  The Architecture of Emotions 15
Components of Emotions 15
Definitions of Terms 16
A Model of Emotional Processes 17
Representing and Measuring Emotions 18
Chapter 3  Evolutionary and Anthropological Perspectives on Music and Emotion 23
-Evolutionary Perspectives
-Emotions as adaptation to natural world
-Animal songs and human music
-Music and the auditory environment in the creation of narratives
-Music, language, and emotion
-EcopsychologyAnthropological Perspectives
– Emotions in the organization of social structures and identity
-Music making and socialization
-Meaning in culture, emotion and music
24
24
25
27
29
30
31
3233
35
Clinical Implications 37
PART TWO: FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 4  Psychophysiological Foundations of Emotions 41
A Brief Review of the Brain
-Neuroanatomy
-The Limbic system
41
43
45
Emotional Elicitors
-Internal and external
-Individual differences and socio-cultural influences
46
47
48
Emotional States
-Physiological-Behavioral view (James-Lange Theory)
-Cognitive view (Lazarus’s Appraisal Theory)
-Cognitive view (Implicit Memory)
-Physiological-Cognitive view (Schachter & Singer Theory)
-Social-Cognitive view (Sociology & Cultural Psychology)
49
50
51
51
53
53
Emotional Expressions
-Non-verbal indicators
-Verbal indicators
55
55
56
Emotional Experiences 57
Chapter 5  Psychophysiological Foundations of Music 61
Neuromusicology
-Complexity theory
-Complexity in clinical processThe Physiology of Music
– Emotion theory and music physiologyMusical Behavior
-Emotional dimensions of musical behaviorSocial Basis of Music
-Group dynamics in clinical music therapy
61
63
6465
6768
6970
71
The Psychophysiology of Musical Emotions 72
Chapter 6  Emotions and Music in Personality Development 77
Ego Psychology and the Regulation of Emotions 78
Emotions and Internalization in Object Relations Theory 80
Emotions in Early Attachment Styles 81
Interpersonal Experience and Brain Development 83
Music and Maternal Attunement 85
Implications for the Client-Therapist Relationship 87
Emotions and Music in Identity Development 88
PART THREE: CLINICAL APPLICATION
Chapter 7  An Emotional Process Focus in Clinical Music Therapy 93
The Therapeutic Field of the Client-Therapist Encounter
-The stimulus environment
-The therapeutic encounter
93
95
96
Using Music to Facilitate Emotional Processes
-Music as stimulus
-Music to alter emotional states
-Musical improvisation as emotional expression
-Musical experience as basis for emotional experience
97
98
98
99
99
Interventions in Psychophysiological Processes
-Physiological interventions
-Behavioral interventions
– Cognitive interventions
-Social interventions
100
101
102
103
104
Emotions in Decision-Making and Clinical Process 105
Chapter 8  The Isomorphism of Music and Emotion 109
Music as Emotional Metaphor
Synesthesia and the Aesthetic Approach
Vitality Affects and Dynamic Forms
Congruence in the Musical-Emotional Field
Affective Exchange and Engaging the Core Self
109
111
113
115
117
Chapter 9   Emotional Intelligence and Music Therapy 121
The Abilities Model of Emotional Intelligence
-Distinctions from related constructs
-Definitions and components
121
121
123
Emotional Intelligence and Adaptation 125
Using Music to Develop Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence in clinical process
Music in social-emotional learning curriculum
127
127
129
Emotional Intelligence and the Music Therapist 130
Chapter 10  An Emotional Lens on Music Therapy Methods 133
Nordoff-Robbins’ Creative Music Therapy 133
Priestly’s Analytic Music Therapy 135
Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music 138
Conclusion 140
PART FOUR: PROFESSIONALISM
Chapter 11  Emotional Awareness and the Professional Music Therapist 141
Professional Identity: The “Scientist-Artist” View 141
Communicating as a Scientific Professional 142
Communicating as a Creative Artist 143
Emotional Intelligence and the Professional Music Therapist 144
Epilogue 147
References 149
Index 159